Table of Contents
- Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural Language Understanding
- The Study of Language
- Applications of Natural Language Understanding
- Evaluating Language Understanding Systems
- The Different Levels of Language Analysis
- Representations and Understanding
- The Organization of Natural Language Understanding Systems
- Chapter 2 Linguistic Background: An Outline of English Syntax
- Words
- The Elements of Simple Noun Phrases
- Verb Phrases and Simple Sentences
- Noun Phrases Revisited
- Adjective Phrases
- Adverbial Phrases
- Chapter 3 Grammars and Parsing
- Grammars and Sentence Structure
- What Makes a Good Grammar
- A Top-Down Parser
- A Bottom-Up Chart Parser
- Top-Down Chart Parsing
- Finite State Models and Morphological Processing
- Grammars and Logic Programming
- Chapter 4 Features and Augmented Grammars
- Feature Systems and Augmented Grammars
- Some Basic Feature Systems for English
- Morphological Analysis and the Lexicon
- A Simple Grammar Using Features
- Parsing with Features
- Augmented Transition Networks
- Definite Clause Grammars
- Generalized Feature Systems and Unification Grammars
- Chapter 5 Grammars for Natural Language
- Auxiliary Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Movement Phenomena in Language
- Handling Questions in Context-Free Grammars
- Noun Phrases and Relative Clauses
- The Hold Mechanism in ATN
- Gap Threading
- Chapter 6 Toward Efficient Parsing
- Human Preferences in Parsing
- Encoding Uncertainty: Shift-Reduce Parsers
- A Deterministic Parser
- Techniques for Efficient Encoding of Ambiguity
- Partial Parsing
- Chapter 7 Ambiguity Resolution: Statistical Methods
- Basic Probability Theory
- Estimating Probabilities
- Part-of-Speech Tagging
- Obtaining Lexical Probabilities
- Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars
- Best-First Parsing
- A Simple Context-Dependent Best-First Parser
- Chapter 8 Semantics and Logical Form
- Semantics and Logical Form
- Word Senses and Ambiguity
- The Basic Logical Form Language
- Encoding Ambiguity in Logical Form
- Verbs and States in Logical Form
- Case Relations
- Speech Acts and Embedded Sentences
- Defining Semantic Structure: Model Theory
- Chapter 9 Linking Syntax and Semantics
- Semantic Interpretation and Compositionality
- A Simple Grammar and Lexicon with Semantic Interpretation
- Prepositional Phrases and Verb Phrases
- Lexicalized Semantic Interpretation and Semantic Roles
- Handling Simple Questions
- Semantic Interpretation Using Feature Unification
- Generating Sentences from Logical Form
- Chapter 10 Ambiguity Resolution
- Selectional Restrictions
- Semantic Filtering Using Selectional Restrictions
- Semantic Networks
- Statistical Word Sense Disambiguation
- Statistical Semantic Preferences
- Combining Approaches to Disambiguation
- Chapter 11 Other Strategies for Semantic Interpretation
- Grammatical Relations
- Semantic Grammars
- Template Matching
- Semantically-Directed Parsing Techniques
- Chapter 12 Scoping and the Interpretation of Noun Phrases
- Scoping Phenomena
- Definite Descriptions and Scoping
- A Method for Scoping While Parsing
- Co-Reference and Binding Constraints
- Adjective Phrases
- Relational Nouns and Nominalizations
- Other Problems in Semantics
- Chapter 13 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
- Knowledge Representation
- A Representation Based on FOPC
- Frames: Representing Stereotypical Information
- Handling Natural Language Quantification
- Time and Aspectual Classes of Verbs
- Automating Deduction in Logic-Based Representations
- Procedural Semantics and Question Answering
- Hybrid Knowledge Representations
- Chapter 14 Local Discourse Context and Reference
- Defining Local Discourse Context and Discourse Entities
- A Simple Model of Anaphora Based on History Lists
- Pronouns and Centering
- Definite Descriptions
- Definite Reference and Sets
- Ellipsis
- Surface Anaphora
- Chapter 15 Using World Knowledge
- Using World Knowledge: Establishing Coherence
- Matching Against Expectations
- Reference and Matching Expectations
- Using Knowledge About Action and Casualty
- Scripts: Understanding Stereotypical Situations
- Using Hierarchical Plans
- Action-Effect-Based Reasoning
- Using Knowledge About Rational Behavior
- Chapter 16 Discourse Structure
- The Need for Discourse Structure
- Segmentation and Cue Phrases
- Discourse Structure and Reference
- Relating Discourse Structure and Inference
- Discourse Structure, Tense, and Aspect
- Managing the Attentional Stack
- An Example
- Chapter 17 Defining a Conversational Agent
- What's Necessary to Build a Conversational Agent?
- Language as Multi-Agent Activity
- Representing Cognitive State: Beliefs
- Representing Cognitive State: Desires, Intentions, and Plans
- Speech Acts and Communicative Acts
- Planning
- Communicative Acts
- Communicative Acts and the Recognition of Intention
- The Source of Intention in Dialogue
- Recognizing Illocutionary Acts
- Discourse and Level Planning
- Appendices
- An Introduction to Logic and Model Theoretic Semantics
- Symbolic Computation
- Spoken Language.........*New!*
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